States of Matter
Mandatory objectives
- Classify substances as solids, liquids and gases (the 3 states of matter)
- State that all matter is made up of particles
- Describe how particles are packed, arranged and move in each state of matter (gas, liquid, solid)
- Define the following terms: Evaporating, Freezing, Condensing, Melting, Sublimation, and give examples of each
- Explain what is meant by a ‘phase transition’ (phase change)
- Explain how a change in temperature can cause a phase change
- Define and provide an example of diffusion in the world around you
- Describe atoms and molecules as the building blocks of materials
- Explain the difference between atoms, molecules, and compounds
- Explain the difference between compounds and mixtures and how their properties differ
Atomic structure, Periodic table, element symbols
Mandatory objectives
- Describe the nucleus-shell model of atoms
- State that electrons are part of an atom’s shell
- Name neutrons and protons as part of an atom’s nucleus
- Describe the historic development of the periodic table of elements
- Name the main 8 groups of the periodic table of elements
- Know the correct spelling and chemical symbols for the first 20 elements in the periodic table.
- Explain the relationship between the place of an element in the periodic table of elements and the structure of their atoms (ie the order of chemical elements in the periodic table is determined by their atomic arrangement)
Energy
Mandatory objectives
- Explore the various forms that Energy can take (eg potential, kinetic, electrical, chemical etc)
- Define the concept of the Conservation of Energy, and explore how energy cannot be created or destroyed but only change form
- Distinguish between potential and kinetic energy, and their interconversion with respect to total energy
Bonding, salts (ions), and gases
- Define ions, cations, and anions, and explain how ions are formed
- Describe the formation of atomic bonds (covalent and ionic)
- Describe the difference between single, double and triple atomic covalent bonds in molecules
- Draw structural formulas of simple molecules using Lewis structures (e.g. oxygen, carbon dioxide,nitrogen)
- Describe the properties, uses and importance of common table salt, including its constituents of Na and Cl
- Describe the structure of a sodium chloride crystal as a lattice
- Name the constituent parts of air
- Describe/demonstrate methods to -etect oxygen (glowing splint) and carbon dioxide (limewater test)
Pressure, density, and buoyancy
Mandatory objectives
- State the formula
$Pressure = \frac{Force}{Area}$
and be able to rearrange this formula and use it to solve problems - State that pressure is measured in Pascals (Pa)
- Know that increasing the area over which a force acts reduces the pressure and vice versa.
- Describe the transmission of pressure in liquids using hydraulic machines as examples
- Understand the equation
$Density = \frac{Mass}{Volume}$
and be able to rearrange this formula and use it to solve problems - Recall and use the units of density as
$kg/m^3$
or$g/cm^3$
(students need to know valid units for density as well as being able to convert from g to kg and vice versa) - Perform an experiment to determine the density of a regular solid, an irregular solid, and a liquid
- Link the relationship between density and an object’s ability to float
- Explain Archimedes’ Principle
- Explore what is meant by the term buoyancy and give examples